SQL NULL Functions
SQL NULL Functions SQL NULL functions are used to handle NULL values in SQL queries. NULL is a special value that represents the absence of a value or the unknown value, and can cause problems when performing calculations or comparisons in SQL. The following are some of the most common NULL functions in SQL: IS […]
SQL CASE Expression
SQL CASE Expression The SQL CASE expression is used to perform conditional logic in SQL queries. It allows you to evaluate a condition and return a value based on that condition. The syntax for the CASE expression is as follows: CASE WHEN condition1 THEN result1 WHEN condition2 THEN result2 … ELSE resultN END In this […]
SQL INSERT INTO SELECT Statement
SQL INSERT INTO SELECT Statement The SQL INSERT INTO SELECT statement is used to insert data from one table into another table using a SELECT statement. It allows you to combine the SELECT and INSERT INTO statements into a single statement, which can be useful for copying data from one table to another or for […]
SQL SELECT INTO Statement
SQL SELECT INTO Statement The SQL SELECT INTO statement is used to create a new table and insert the result set of a SELECT statement into that table. It is often used to create backup tables, temporary tables, or to export data from one database to another. The syntax for the SELECT INTO statement is […]
SQL ANY and ALL Operators
SQL ANY and ALL Operators The SQL ANY and ALL operators are used to compare a value to a list of values returned by a subquery. These operators are commonly used in conjunction with the WHERE clause to filter the result set based on a condition that involves a subquery. The ANY operator returns true […]
SQL EXISTS Operator
SQL EXISTS Operator The SQL EXISTS operator is a boolean operator that returns true if a subquery returns at least one row. It is commonly used with correlated subqueries, where the subquery depends on a value from the outer query. The syntax for the EXISTS operator is as follows: SELECT column1, column2, … FROM table_name […]
SQL HAVING Clause
SQL HAVING Clause The SQL HAVING clause is used in conjunction with the GROUP BY clause to filter the result set based on the results of aggregate functions. The HAVING clause allows us to specify a condition that must be met by the aggregated data in order for a row to be included in the […]
SQL GROUP BY Statement
SQL GROUP BY Statement The SQL GROUP BY statement is used to group rows that have the same values in one or more columns. This statement is often used in conjunction with aggregate functions like SUM, COUNT, AVG, MIN, and MAX to summarize data and generate reports. The syntax for the GROUP BY statement is […]
String Formatting Operator
Here is a table of the common string formatting operators in Python: String Formatting Operator Operator Description %s String %d Integer %f Floating point %e Exponential notation %x or %X Hexadecimal %o Octal %c Character %r Repr (printable representation) %i Integer (same as %d) %u Unsigned integer (deprecated in Python 3) %g or %G Floating […]
Data Types
Data Types Here are some of the basic data types in C: int: Used to store integers (whole numbers) within a specified range. For example, int num = 10;. float: Used to store floating-point numbers (real numbers with decimal places). For example, float num = 3.14;. double: Similar to float, but can store larger numbers […]