SQL Operators

SQL operators are symbols or keywords used in SQL statements to perform specific operations on data. There are several types of operators in SQL, including:

1. Arithmetic Operators: Arithmetic operators are used to perform basic arithmetic operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and modulus. Here are the basic arithmetic operators in SQL:

• (addition)
• (subtraction)
• (multiplication)
• / (division)
• % (modulus)

Example: SELECT (10 + 5) * 3 AS Result; — Output: 45

2. Comparison Operators: Comparison operators are used to compare values and return a boolean result (true or false). Here are the comparison operators in SQL:

• = (equal to)
• <> or != (not equal to)
• (greater than)
• < (less than)
• = (greater than or equal to)
• <= (less than or equal to)

Example: SELECT * FROM Customers WHERE City = ‘New York’;

3. Logical Operators: Logical operators are used to combine multiple conditions and return a boolean result (true or false). Here are the logical operators in SQL:

• AND (returns true if both conditions are true)
• OR (returns true if either condition is true)
• NOT (returns true if the condition is false)

Example: SELECT * FROM Customers WHERE City = ‘New York’ AND Country = ‘USA’;

4. Bitwise Operators: Bitwise operators are used to perform operations on binary numbers. Here are the bitwise operators in SQL:

• & (bitwise AND)
• | (bitwise OR)
• ^ (bitwise XOR)
• ~ (bitwise NOT)
• << (bitwise left shift)
• (bitwise right shift)

Example: SELECT 2 | 1; — Output: 3

These are some of the common operators in SQL. Understanding how to use them can help you write more complex SQL queries and manipulate data in a more efficient way.